정희원 Hee Won Chung

DOI: Vol.59(No.1) 3-23, 2013

This paper aims to elucidate the meanings of “Nature” in William Hill Brown`s The Power of Sympathy: or, the Triumph of Nature (1789) in the premise that concept of Nature is of great consequence in the discourses of Republicanism in the early America. Nature was charged with the contested meanings in the battle of ideologies between the advocates of English monarchy and the republicans; the opposite parties derived the authority of their arguments from the various demarcations of defining “nature” and “natural” in their own ways. In this novel, meanings of “nature” vary from the humanistic impulse against God`s grace to human mind as in the scene when Mr. Holmes argues that reading books is like the cultivation of nature. Finally, as the catastrophe surge of incest destroys the ill-starred lovers Harrington and Harriot, “nature” that presides over their tragedy gives us even a glimpse of its deterministic character. In Brown`s novel, I argue, the ideal of republicanism that theoretically disavows class differences is undermined when the revelation comes that it was from their mutual affinity as half-blooded siblings that the peril of incest originates, despite of their seemingly republican love that had overcome the consciousness of class distinctions. As the major assumption of republicanism is stranded on the reef of the impediments to republican marriage and the affliction caused by homogeneity, the meaning of nature encompassing hypotheses of Enlightenment and Sentimentalism is simultaneously ruptured and impaired.

윌리엄 힐 브라운, 『공감의 힘』, 자연, 공화주의, William Hill Brown, The Power of Sympathy, nature, republicanism,영미문학, 문화연구, 비교문학, 비평이론, English and American Literature, cultural studies, comparative literature, critical theory

황훈성 Hoon Sung Hwang

DOI: Vol.59(No.1) 25-50, 2013

This paper aims to trace and illuminate the cultural evolution of memento mori from Holbein Jr.`s danse macabre (1536) to contemporary attitude of ``invisible death`` via William Combe`s The English Dance of Death (1815). The images of death reflected on the woodcuts by Holbein the Junior are a tyrant, a jester and a leveler who arrest victims by surprise and without warrant thereby keeping living humans always at the throe of death (memento mori). William Combe`s death is his contemporary companion of the Zeitgeist of Enlightenment with its humanist tolerance reflecting the ideology of bourgeois class. However, at the turn of the last century did our contemporary images of death undergo a dramatic reversal from the Romantic idea of ``sweet death`` to ``dirty death`` of our age. Arguably, Darwinian world view devoid of God`s Creation and bodiless souls must have taken a toll on the cultural dissemination of religious beliefs in afterlife and immortality. For the first time over human history has death become human nemesis intractable and intransient to such an extent that humans cannot but turn blind eyes to him until the final moment of their ownmost death.

메멘토 모리, 티모르 모리, 죽음의 무도, 홀바인 2세, 죽음학, memento mori, timor mortis, danse macabre, Holbein Junior, thanatology,영미문학, 문화연구, 비교문학, 비평이론, English and American Literature, cultural studies, comparative literature, critical theory

오봉희 Bong Hee Oh

DOI: Vol.59(No.1) 51-73, 2013

This paper examines the subversive power and the limits of a utopian female community named “Millenium Hall” by the narrator in Sarah Scott`s Millenium Hall. Millenium Hall is constituted on the understanding of society as “a state of mutual confidence, reciprocal services and correspondent affections”. Exchanges of gifts or services in Millenium Hall are performed as unconditional and disinterested acts of benevolence. It is female friendship between the five ladies of Millenium Hall that renders possible this kind of genuine reciprocity. What characterizes their female friendship is that it extends beyond dyadic relationships and serves as the model for social relationships of Millenium Hall. Moreover, it is based on maternal affection, which is well exemplified in Miss Melvyn`s relationship with Miss Mancel and in Miss Selvyn`s with Lady Emilia. But it is problematic that female friendship combined with maternal affection contributes to the reproduction of women embodying traditional female virtues such as patience, resignation, and piety. More problematically, the ladies of Millenium Hall not only think that their duty is to suffer but also accept all their sufferings as trials and all their blessings as rewards from God who mercifully brings good out of bad. In addition, they have contradictory opinions regarding matrimony. While having chosen unmarried life to live with female friends, they encourage young women to marry. These aspects undermine the subversive power of Millenium Hall as a utopian female community.

사라 스콧, 『밀레니엄 홀』, 여성의 우정, 모성애, 호혜주의, Sarah Scott, Millenium Hall, female friendship, maternal affection, reciprocity,영미문학, 문화연구, 비교문학, 비평이론, English and American Literature, cultural studies, comparative literature, critical theory

김미정 Mi Jeong Kim

DOI: Vol.59(No.1) 75-97, 2013

Although Robert Penn Warren articulates, “The Sound and the Fury, which is Faulkner`s Waste Land, ends with Easter and the promise of resurrection”, ironically, Faulkner does not provide any practical solution for resurrection at the end of the novel. Instead, he depicts successively and successfully how male characters fail to traverse their phallic fantasy of “Eden”-which signifies their inability to free themselves from “the blind self-centeredness”-and thus fail to resurrect themselves, and how the four consecutive male narrators (including the author himself) fail to get the story “right”. In the novel, female characters ex-orbitantly ex-sist as the object-cause of such phallic failures engendering creative disruptions in the male narratives by their feminine elusiveness and excessiveness and thus enabling the reader`s re-reading of the novel with “a dis-ease with interpretive closure”. The aim of this article is to examine how the female characters` feminine and fluid ex-sistence goes beyond all the phallic desire and failures, and thus can be linked to what I call “Delta”, the (Lacanian) feminine empty center, as the locus of ek-stasis and, at the same time, of an opening force “that sets the syllable “ex” in motion and keeps it alive”. Figuratively, if the female characters occupy the feminine delta spaces of the novel, this article investigates how they suggest a way out from the male Compsons` overwhelming self-centeredness and thus lead us to a new set of possibilities “out” of the male Compsons` failures, with regard to Easter.

델타, ▽, 흘러넘침, 여성적 존재방식, 사랑, 회복, Delta, ex-centric overflowing, a feminine mode of being, the feminine love, resurrection,영미문학, 문화연구, 비교문학, 비평이론, English and American Literature, cultural studies, comparative literature, critical theory

신동일 Dong Il Shin

DOI: Vol.59(No.1) 99-121, 2013

In recent decades there has been a tendency to frame communicative language abilities as a set of technical skills that can be defined, quantified, measured, predicted and ultimately controlled. This process is often called ``McCommunication`` (Ritzer 2003). The over-rationalized, standardized, and commodified education of language have dominated the current conventions of developing curriculum, materials, and tests of language learning. Authentic language and its educational activities have often conformed to narrow standards of correctness, clarity, efficiency, or ``verbal hygiene`` (Cameron 1995). Korean researchers in the field of second language education have not taken the issue of McCommunication culture seriously. The purpose of this paper is to re-visit the modernization issues of language education industry by referencing late-modernity (Beck 1997; Giddens 1997) and ecological views (Kramsch 2002; van Lier 2004) across the other academic disciplines. It was argued that the McDonaldizatin of language learning has become a common phenomenon, and that the meaningfulness has been seriously questioned. Then Giddens` (1991) concepts of reflexivity and self-identity were suggested as a meaningful ends to language learning. Ecology of language learning were also elaborated as a transdisciplinary endeavor, to encourage reflection over the McDonaldized culture of (English) language learning in Korea. Further research questions, such as appropriate pedagogy (Kramsch & Sullivan 1996), expanded modeling of communicative language abilities (Norton 2000), are also discussed.

언어학습, 후기-현대성, 맥도날드화, 자아정체성, 생태주의, Language learning, Late-Modernity, McDonaldization, Selfidentity, Ecology,영미문학, 문화연구, 비교문학, 비평이론, English and American Literature, cultural studies, comparative literature, critical theory

정은숙 Eun Sook Jeong

DOI: Vol.59(No.1) 123-148, 2013

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the national and racial abjection and re-colonialization on the mixed racial adoptee in Ten Thousand Sorrows. I read the body of the mixed-race adoptee as the metaphor which stands for Korea`s recolonial condition after the Korean War and signals the failure of the American state to make room in the national family for the racialized figure of difference. I also read Kim`s work as the account not only to destroy Korean narrative of patriarchal nationalism but also to reveal the failure of American benevolence. The story of the international adoptee represented in Kim`s memoir is intertwined with Korean history and shows the overlapping trauma of Korean war, American neocolonialism and entry of the racialized body into American hegemony. The theoretical basis of my argument is Kristeva`s feministic psychoanalysis, in particular, her notion of abjection. In analyzing Elizabeth Kim`s Ten Thousand Sorrows I also use Kriesteva` notion of abject in connection with the body of the mixed blood Korean and I put Kim`s position in the paradigm of ``abjection`` to reveal Kim`s unstable identity in Korean and American society. Kim exists as an abject child in her mother country, Korea, because of her mixed blood body and was expelled, excluded, rejected and repressed to preserve the nation`s racial purity and patriarchal culture. Kim also exists as an abject child in her adopted country, the United States, because of her racialized body different from white Americans and she is reconlonized there.

엘리자베스 김, 『만 가지 슬픔』, 비체화, 혼혈입양인, 재식민화, Elizabeth Kim, Ten Thousand Sorrows, abjection, hybrid adoptee, re-colonialization,영미문학, 문화연구, 비교문학, 비평이론, English and American Literature, cultural studies, comparative literature, critical theory

최경란 Kyung Ran Choi

DOI: Vol.59(No.1) 149-172, 2013

This paper explores the theatrical exposition prevalent in the modern theaters as a route to rendering the violences depicted in Titus Andronicus, a controversial early Shakespearian play. It traces historical contexts in which the play was born against rival revenge tragedies of the Elizabethan period, becoming one time popular and then denigrated, ridiculed and ignored, before coming back as an example of theatrical rejuvenation in recent years. The gist of the paper distinguishes three modes of exposition relevant to staging the seemingly unbound variety of violences. On the top is the ``stylized`` mode gaining recognition after Peter Brook`s monumental production was brought forward in 1955. Enriching the expository repertoire next is the ``realistic, natural`` mode taking shape as an alternative. The third mode is reviewed under the designation of ``post-modern, eclectic`` approach. The discourse addresses staging techniques, stylistic features and artistic flavors germane to each mode, drawing on representative productions put forward over the past 50 years into the Anglo-American theaters. Examples of indigenous Korean-language production were also reviewed in their own light.

복수비극, 폭력, 양식화된 연출, 사실주의적 연출, 포스트 모더니즘적 절충적 연출, revenge tragedy, violence, stylized approach, realistic approach, post-modern, eclectic approach,영미문학, 문화연구, 비교문학, 비평이론, English and American Literature, cultural studies, comparative literature, critical theory